Four databases were searched in January 2019 (OVID Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycInfo).
We used the PICo (population, interest, context) framework for qualitative studies to operationalize the research purpose into searchable keywords (13).
This scoping review follows the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines (11), as well as Arksey and O'Malley's stepwise approach to conducting a scoping review (12).
This information can be used to inform the design and tailored delivery of healthcare services for different patient and caregiver groups. The purpose of this study was to gain a systematic understanding of the preferences of Canadian patients and, where possible, their caregivers. Previous research has suggested that patients' needs vary significantly across different patient populations (6–10), but this research has not yet been systematically reviewed. Furthermore, when patient needs are explicitly recognized, the system is designed based on generalized assumptions of these needs, as if patients are a homogeneous group, yielding a "one size fits all" approach. Alongside policy makers' increasing interest in patient-centred care is a growing body of scholarly research that aims to understand patient experiences with and their perspectives on the health system. Although high-performing health systems identify patient-centred care as a critical health system priority, the healthcare system is often criticized because of its tendency to focus on the needs of healthcare providers, who often do not have a comprehensive understanding of patient needs. The effective design and delivery of patient-centred care require a comprehensive understanding of the needs, desires and preferences of patients. Whereas patient engagement aims to solicit patient and family input based on their needs and preferences to co-design solutions (4), patient experience is defined as "how patients perceive and experience their care" (10). It also relates closely to patient experience and engagement (4, 9). As described by the IOM, the concept applies not only to care delivery but also to system planning and research (5). In this context, patient-centred care refers to "providing care that is respectful of, and responsive to, individual patient preferences, needs and values, and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions" (5: p. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) informs much of the discourse and application on this topic (5). The idea of organizing healthcare around the patient seems, at first, uncomplicated, yet the concept itself is complex, and the application of the concept is multifaceted.
The recently established Ontario Minister's Patient and Family Advisory Council (PFAC) is the first of its kind in Canada and provides a formal mechanism for incorporating patient and family perspectives into decision making and system planning (7, 8). The emphasis on "patient-centred care" places patients (and caregivers) at the forefront of the planning, delivery and evaluation of healthcare services (2, 6, 7). Increasingly, policy makers and health system managers are considering the perspectives and experiences of patients in reforming health systems (1–5).
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